IDENTIFIERS

  • Current Taxon Name (Soil Name): Hatton
  • OSD
  • Series Extent
  • User Site ID: 2002MO219002
  • User Pedon ID: 2002MO219002
  • Lab Information:
  • Certified Lab Pedon Description - no
  • Lab Source ID - MCL
  • Lab Pedon # - M0221902
  • NCSS Pedon Lab Data NASIS Record ID - 30577
  • Print Date: 1/30/2025
  • LOCATION

  • Location In Web Soil Survey
  • AOI is roughly a square mile and pedon is marked in the center.
  • Location in SoilWeb
  • Location in Google Maps
  • Std. Latitude: 38.7474333
  • Std. Longitude: -91.2239139
  • Datum: WGS84
  • Township: T46N
  • Range: R3W
  • Section: 14
  • PLSS Details: 1360 feet east and 1870 feet south of the northwest corner
  • Location Description: Rathert #1
  • Country: US—United States
  • State: Missouri
  • County: MO219—Warren
  • MLRA: 115—Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes
  • Non-MLRA Soil Survey Area: MO603—Montgomery and Warren Counties, Missouri
  • 7.5 Minute USGS Quad: 38091-F2—Treloar, Missouri
  • PEDON

  • Describers Name: Dennis Meinert, Mike Chalfant
  • Current Taxonomic Class: Fine, smectitic, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
  • Current Taxon Kind: series
  • Pedon Type: within range of map unit
  • Pedon Purpose: research site
  • Pedon Record Orgin: Windows Pedon
  • Pedon #: 2
  • Sampled As Information:
  • Soil Name - Hatton
  • Taxonomic Class - Fine, smectitic, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
  • PSC - 15 to 66 cm.
  • Classificaton Date - 9/25/2002
  • Soil Taxonomic Edition - ninth edition
  • Moisture Class - udic
  • Moisture SUBClass - oxyaquic
  • Dynamic Soil Properties:
  • Erosion Class - 0
  • Pedoderm Loose Cover Indicator - no
  • Hydric: no


  • SITE

  • Landscape: upland
  • Landform: ridge
  • Geomorphic Component Hills: interfluve
  • Hill Slope Profile: shoulder
  • Slope Complexity: simple
  • Slope Shape Across: convex
  • Slope Shape Down: convex
  • Runoff: medium
  • Drainage Class: moderately well
  • Flooding: none flooding
  • Ponding: none ponding
  • Geology: Seville Formation formation.
  • Surface Fragments:
  • Benchmark Soil?: no
  • VEGETATION

    SITE OBSERVATION

  • Observation Date: 9/25/2002 (actual site observation date)
  • Air Photo ID: 38091f2nw
  • Surface Water Kind: none observed
  • Surface Cover Properties:
  • Site Obs. Cover Kind 1 - grass/herbaceous cover
  • Site Obs. Cover Kind 2 - pastureland, tame
  • Pedoderm Loose Cover Indicator - no
  • Drained? - no
  • Bedded Soil? - no
  • Forest Plantation? - no
  • Site Erosion Accelerated: water erosion gully
  • Pedon Diagnostic Features
    Feature Kind Feature Depth L-H Feature Thickness L-RV-H
    cm

    ochric epipedon

    argillic horizon

    0—15

    15—1029

    —15—

    —1014—

    Setting and Climate
    Slope Slope Length USLE Upslope Length Elev. Corr. Elev Aspect MAP REAP FFD MAAT MSAT MWAT MAST MSST MWST MFFP PE Index Climate Station ID Climate Station Name Climate Station Type
    % m degrees mm mm C mm

    7

    276.5

    280

    Ap—0 to 15 centimeters (0.0 to 5.9 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) interior, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) interior, dry; silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; 9.0 very fine roots; 3.0 fine tubular pores; fragments. Lab sample # MU023576; observed in push tube
    Bt1—15 to 46 centimeters (5.9 to 18.1 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) interior silty clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm; 7.0 very fine roots; 3.0 fine tubular pores; 10 percent distinct brown (10YR 5/3), moist, silt coats on all faces of peds and 30 percent distinct brown (10YR 4/3), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; fragments. Lab sample # MU023577; observed in push tube. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885749; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885750; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885749; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885750
    Bt2—46 to 69 centimeters (18.1 to 27.2 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) interior silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; 3.0 fine roots; 3.0 fine tubular pores; 20 percent prominent gray (10YR 6/1), moist, silt coats on all faces of peds and 20 percent prominent gray (10YR 6/1), moist, clay films on all faces of peds and 25 percent distinct brown (10YR 4/3), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; fragments. Lab sample # MU023578; observed in push tube. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885751; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885752; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885753; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885751; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885752; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885753
    2Btx1—69 to 91 centimeters (27.2 to 35.8 inches); 70 percent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) interior and 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) interior silt loam; weak medium platy, and weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 2.0 fine roots; 0.9 fine tubular pores; 20 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and 30 percent distinct gray (10YR 6/1), moist, silt coats on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; fragments. Lab sample # MU023579; observed in push tube. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885754; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885755; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885754; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885755
    2Btx2—91 to 142 centimeters (35.8 to 55.9 inches); 60 percent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) interior and 40 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) interior silt loam; weak fine platy, and weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 2.0 fine roots; 0.9 fine tubular pores; 20 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and 30 percent distinct gray (10YR 6/1), moist, silt coats on all faces of peds; fragments. Lab sample # MU023580. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885756; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885757; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885756; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885757
    3Bt1—142 to 180 centimeters (55.9 to 70.9 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) interior and reddish brown (5YR 4/4) interior silty clay; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very firm; 0.9 fine roots; 0.9 fine tubular pores; 20 percent distinct pressure faces and 30 percent distinct brown (10YR 4/3), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented black (10YR 2/1), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; noneffervescent. Lab sample # MU023581. patchy - phpvsfiid 885759; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885758; patchy - phpvsfiid 885759; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885758
    3Bt2—180 to 216 centimeters (70.9 to 85.0 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) interior silty clay; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very firm; 15 percent distinct pressure faces and 40 percent distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented reddish brown (5YR 4/4), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; noneffervescent. Lab sample # MU023582. patchy - phpvsfiid 885761; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885760; patchy - phpvsfiid 885761; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885760
    3Bt3—216 to 262 centimeters (85.0 to 103.1 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) interior silty clay; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very firm; 5 percent prominent dark gray (7.5YR 4/1), moist, clay films on all faces of peds and 30 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented black (10YR 2/1), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented reddish brown (5YR 4/4), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; noneffervescent. patchy - phpvsfiid 885763; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885762; patchy - phpvsfiid 885763; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885762
    3Bt4—262 to 287 centimeters (103.1 to 113.0 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) interior silty clay; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very firm; 40 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented yellowish red (5YR 4/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented black (10YR 2/1), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; noneffervescent. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885764; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885764
    4Bt5—287 to 335 centimeters (113.0 to 131.9 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) interior silty clay; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very firm; 30 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, clay films on all faces of peds and 50 percent distinct gray (2.5Y 5/1), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; very slight effervescence. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885765; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885766; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885765; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885766
    4Bt6—335 to 381 centimeters (131.9 to 150.0 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) interior silty clay; weak fine subangular blocky, and weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 20 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, clay films on all faces of peds and 20 percent distinct gray (2.5Y 5/1), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented reddish brown (5YR 5/4), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented black (10YR 2/1), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; strong effervescence. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885767; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885768; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885767; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885768
    4Bt7—381 to 422 centimeters (150.0 to 166.1 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) interior silty clay; weak fine subangular blocky, and weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 20 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, clay films on all faces of peds and 20 percent distinct gray (2.5Y 5/1), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented yellowish red (5YR 5/8), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented black (10YR 2/1), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; strong effervescence. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885769; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885770; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885769; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885770
    4Bt8—422 to 472 centimeters (166.1 to 185.8 inches); 70 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) interior and 30 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) interior silty clay; weak fine subangular blocky, and weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 20 percent distinct gray (2.5Y 5/1), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; strong effervescence. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885771; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885771
    4Bt9—472 to 543 centimeters (185.8 to 213.8 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) interior silty clay; weak medium subangular blocky, and weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 20 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented black (10YR 2/1), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; strong effervescence. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885772; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885772
    4Bt10—543 to 604 centimeters (213.8 to 237.8 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) interior silty clay; moderate fine subangular blocky, and weak fine prismatic structure; very firm; 40 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented black (10YR 2/1), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; slight effervescence. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885773; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885773
    4Bt11—604 to 655 centimeters (237.8 to 257.9 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) interior silty clay; weak fine subangular blocky, and moderate fine prismatic structure; very firm; 30 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented reddish brown (5YR 4/4), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented yellowish red (5YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; slight effervescence. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885774; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885774
    4Bt12—655 to 674 centimeters (257.9 to 265.4 inches); 70 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) interior and 30 percent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) interior silty clay; weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 20 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented black (10YR 2/1), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented yellowish red (5YR 4/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; strong effervescence. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885775; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885775
    5Btg1—674 to 725 centimeters (265.4 to 285.4 inches); dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) interior silty clay; weak fine subangular blocky, and weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 30 percent distinct dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented yellowish brown (10YR 5/4), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; slight effervescence. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885776; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885776
    5Btg2—725 to 762 centimeters (285.4 to 300.0 inches); gray (2.5Y 5/1) interior silty clay; moderate fine subangular blocky, and weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 20 percent distinct dark gray (2.5Y 4/1), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented yellowish red (5YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; noneffervescent. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885777; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885777
    5Btg3—762 to 838 centimeters (300.0 to 329.9 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) interior silty clay; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; very firm; 20 percent distinct dark gray (2.5Y 4/1), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented yellowish red (5YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; noneffervescent. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885778; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885778
    6Bt1—838 to 878 centimeters (329.9 to 345.7 inches); 60 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) interior and 40 percent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) interior clay; weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 20 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented black (10YR 2/1), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented yellowish red (5YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter mixed fragments; noneffervescent. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885779; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885779
    6Bt2—878 to 912 centimeters (345.7 to 359.1 inches); 70 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) interior and 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) interior clay; weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 20 percent distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented black (10YR 2/1), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented grayish brown (10YR 5/2), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter chert fragments; noneffervescent. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885780; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885780
    6Btg1—912 to 975 centimeters (359.1 to 383.9 inches); 20 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) interior and 80 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) interior clay; weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 10 percent distinct pressure faces and 30 percent distinct gray (10YR 5/1), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented yellowish red (5YR 5/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; 10 percent by volume 2-?-75 millimeter chert fragments; noneffervescent. patchy - phpvsfiid 885782; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885781; patchy - phpvsfiid 885782; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885781
    6Btg2—975 to 1012 centimeters (383.9 to 398.4 inches); 50 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) interior and 50 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) interior clay; weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 20 percent distinct gray (10YR 5/1), moist, clay films on all faces of peds; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented light gray (10YR 7/2), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented red (2.5YR 4/8), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; fragments; noneffervescent. discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885783; discontinuous - phpvsfiid 885783
    6Btg3—1012 to 1036 centimeters (398.4 to 407.9 inches); gray (10YR 6/1) interior clay; weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix and 1 percent medium faint irregular noncoherent cemented brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), moist, iron depletions with clear boundaries in matrix; fragments; noneffervescent.; observed in push tube